Thursday, November 28, 2019
An Overview of Chinas One-Child Policy
An Overview of Chinas One-Child Policy Chinas one-child policy was established by Chinese leader Deng Xiaoping in 1979 to restrict communist Chinas population growth and limited couples to having only one child. Although designated a temporary measure, it remained in effect for more than 35 years. Fines, pressures to abort a pregnancy, and even forced sterilization of women accompanied second or subsequent pregnancies. The policy was not an all-encompassing rule because it was restricted to ethnic Han Chinese living in urban areas. Citizens living in rural areas and minorities living in China were not subject to the law. Unintended Effects of the One-Child Law There have long been reports that officials have forced women pregnant without permission to have abortions and have levied steep fines on families violating the law. In 2007 in the southwestern Guangxi Autonomous Region of China, riots broke out as a result, and some people may have been killed, including population control officials. The Chinese have long had a preference for male heirs, so the one-child rule caused many problems for female infants: abortion, out-of-country adoption, neglect, abandonment, and even infanticide were known to occur to females. Statistically, such Draconian family planning has resulted in the disparate (estimated) ratio of 115 males for every 100 females among babies born. Normally, 105 males are naturally born for every 100 females. This skewed ratio in China creates the problem of a generation of young men not having enough women to marry and have their own families, which has been speculated may cause future unrest in the country. These forever bachelors will not have a family to care for them in their old age either, which could put a strain on future government social services. The one-child rule has been estimated to have reduced population growth in the country of nearly 1.4 billion (estimated, 2017) by as much as 300 million people over its first 20 years. Whether the male-to-female ratio eases with the discontinuation of the one-child policy will come clear over time. Chinese Now Allowed to Have Two Children Though the one-child policy may have had the goal of preventing the countrys population of spiraling out of control, after several decades, there were concerns over its cumulative demographic effect, namely the country having a shrinking labor pool and smaller young population to take care of the number of elderly people in ensuing decades. So in 2013, the country eased the policy to allow some families to have two children. In late 2015, Chinese officials announced the scrapping the policy altogether, allowing all couples to have two children. Future of Chinas Population Chinas total fertility rate (the number of births per woman) is 1.6, higher than slowly declining Germany at 1.45 but lower than the U.S. at 1.87 (2.1 births per woman is the replacement level of fertility, representing a stable population, exclusive of migration). The effect of the two-child rule hasnt made the population decline stabilize completely, but the law is young yet.
Monday, November 25, 2019
Social Class and Correct Answer Essays
Social Class and Correct Answer Essays Social Class and Correct Answer Paper Social Class and Correct Answer Paper * Question 1 0 out of 2 points | | | Why is ideology more effective than force as a means to maintain stratification? Answer| | | | | Selected Answer:|    Ideology appeals to reason, and people naturally prefer reason over coercion. | Correct Answer:|    Coercion is ineffective because it breeds hostility and nourishes rebellion. | | | | | * Question 2 2 out of 2 points | | | What is the ideology supporting the concept that a societys ruler is Gods direct representative on earth to administer justice and punish evil doers? Answer| | | | | Selected Answer:|    the divine right of kings| Correct Answer:|    the divine right of kings| | | | | * Question 3 2 out of 2 points | | | What name is given to the association of wealthy and powerful nations that meets regularly to discuss global issues and determine world economic policy? Answer| | | | | Selected Answer:|    the Group of Eight| Correct Answer:|    the Group of Eight| | | | | * Question 4 2 out of 2 points | | | Mahashury is a member of the Vaishya caste. In view of this, which of the following occupations or positions does she hold in her community? Answer| | | | | Selected Answer:|    She is a trader who brings silk and fine cloth to New Delhi to sell to the wealthy. | Correct Answer:|    She is a trader who brings silk and fine cloth to New Delhi to sell to the wealthy. | | | | | * Question 5 2 out of 2 points | | | What name describes companies that operate across many national boundaries which helps the Most Industrialized Nations maintain global dominance? Answer| | | | | Selected Answer:|    multinational corporations| Correct Answer:|    multinational corporations| | | | | * Question 6 2 out of 2 points | | What is the explanation of global stratification that includes core nations, semiperiphery nations, periphery nations, and external areas? Answer| | | | | Selected Answer:|    world system theory| Correct Answer:|    world system theory| | | | | * Question 7 2 out of 2 points | | | Who was the American sociologist who studied race relations in the post-Civil War Sou th and characterized the entire white South as an armed camp to keep Negroes in slavery and to kill the black rebel? Answer| | | | | Selected Answer:|    W. E. B. DuBois| Correct Answer:|    W. E. B. DuBois| | | | * Question 8 2 out of 2 points | | | Workers in the maquiladoras along the United States and Mexican border make $10 a day which is only a fraction of what American workers were paid to do the same work. Why is it unlikely, however, that the Mexican workers will go on strike to demand better wages? Answer| | | | | Selected Answer:|    Workers in other nations are eager to do the work for only a dollar or two a day. | Correct Answer:|    Workers in other nations are eager to do the work for only a dollar or two a day. | | | | | * Question 9 2 out of 2 points | | What classification of nations contains 16 percent of the worlds population, 31 percent of the worlds land, and are concentrated in the northern hemisphere? Answer| | | | | Selected Answer:|    Most Industrialized Nations| Correct Answer:|    Most Industrialized Nations| | | | | * Question 10 0 out of 2 points | | | In Kuwait, Qatar, and the United Arab Emirates what is the unique status for which young boys are enslaved? Answer| | | | | Selected Answer:|    To perform work in small places such as attics and wells. | Correct Answer:|    To serve as jockeys in camel races. | | | | | * Question 11 2 out of 2 points | | Which statement best summarizes what Karl Marx predicted regarding the differences in social classes within a society? Answer| | | | | Selected Answer:|    Workers will revolt when they overcome the class consciousness that blinds them. | Correct Answer:|    Workers will revolt when they overcome the class consciousness that blinds them. | | | | | * Question 12 2 out of 2 points | | | In the three-world model, what quality distinguishes a First World nation? Answer| | | | | Selected Ans wer:|    a capitalist economy| Correct Answer:|    a capitalist economy| | | | | * Question 13 2 out of 2 points | | What is the major means by which neocolonialists maintain their superiority and control over other nations of the world? Answer| | | | | Selected Answer:|    They manipulate trade and the debt owed by the weaker nations. | Correct Answer:|    They manipulate trade and the debt owed by the weaker nations. | | | | | * Question 14 2 out of 2 points | | | In democracies, what are the two methods used by the ruling elite to control information? Answer| | | | | Selected Answer:|    technology and the selective release of information| Correct Answer:|    technology and the selective release of information| | | | | Question 15 2 out of 2 points | | | Traditionally, what were the three factors on which slavery was based? Answer| | | | | Selected Answer:|    war, debt, crime| Correct Answer:|    war, debt, crime| | | | | * Question 16 2 out of 2 points | | | Who was the sociologist who argued that stratification applies only to societies that have at least minimal resources and can accumulate surpluses? Answer| | | | | Selected Answer:|    Gerhard Lenski| Correct Answer:|    Gerhard Lenski| | | | | * Question 17 2 out of 2 points | | | What is the lowest caste in Indias caste system? Answer| | | | | Selected Answer:|    the Dalit| Correct Answer:|    the Dalit| | | | | * Question 18 2 out of 2 points | | | In the former Soviet Union what was the major basis of stratification? Answer| | | | | Selected Answer:|    political position within the Communist Party| Correct Answer:|    political position within the Communist Party| | | | | * Question 19 2 out of 2 points | | | In the New World, what group did the colonists first attempt to enslave, even though this effort failed? Answer| | | | | Selected Answer:|    Native Americans| Correct Answer:|    Native Americans| | | | | * Question 20 2 out of 2 points | | What are the three most important variables in determining ones place in the social stratification system? Answer| | | | | Selected Answer:|    property, power, prestige| Correct Answer:|    property, power, prestige| | | | | - * Question 1 0 out of 2 points | | | Why is ideology more effective than force as a means to maintain stratification? Answer| | | | | Selected Answer:|    Ideology appeals to reason, and people naturally prefer reason over coercion. | Correct Answer:|    Coercion is ineffective because it breeds hostility and nourishes rebellion. | | | | * Question 2 2 out of 2 points | | | What is the ideology supporting the concept that a societys ruler is Gods direct representative on earth to administer justice and punish evil doers? Answer| | | | | Selected Answer:|    the divine right of kings| Correct Answer:|    the divine right of kings| | | | | * Question 3 2 out of 2 points | | | What name is given to the association of wealthy and powerful nations that meets regularly to discuss global issues and determine world economic policy? Answer| | | | | Selected Answer:|    the Group of Eight| Correct Answer:|    the Group of Eight| | | | * Question 4 2 out of 2 points | | | Mahashury is a member of the Vaishya caste. In view of this, which of the following occupations or positions does she hold in her community? Answer| | | | | Selected Answer:|    She is a trader who brings silk and fine cloth to New Delhi to sell to the wealthy. | Correct Answer:|    She is a trader who brings silk and fine cloth to New Delhi to sell to the wealthy. | | | | | * Question 5 2 out of 2 points | | | What name describes companies that operate across many national boundaries which helps the Most Industrialized Nations maintain global dominance? Answer| | | | | Selected Answer:|    multinational corporations| Correct Answer:|    multinational corporations| | | | | * Question 6 2 out of 2 points | | | What is the explanation of global stratification that includes core nations, semiperiphery nations, periphery nations, and external areas? Answer| | | | | Selected Answer:|    world system theory| Correct Answer:|    world system theory| | | | | * Question 7 2 out of 2 points | | | Who was the American sociologist who studied race relations in the post-Civil War South and characterized the entire white South as an armed camp to keep Negroes in slavery and to kill the black rebel? Answer| | | | | Selected Answer:|    W. E. B. DuBois| Correct Answer:|    W. E. B. DuBois| | | | | * Question 8 2 out of 2 points | | | Workers in the maquiladoras along the United States and Mexican border make $10 a day which is only a fraction of what American workers were paid to do the same work. Why is it unlikely, however, that the Mexican workers will go on strike to demand better wages? Answer| | | | | Selected Answer:|    Workers in other nations are eager to do the work for only a dollar or two a day. | Correct Answer:|    Workers in other nations are eager to do the work for only a dollar or two a day. | | | | * Question 9 2 out of 2 points | | | What classification of nations contains 16 percent of the worlds population, 31 percent of the worlds land, and are concentrated in the northern hemisphere? Answer| | | | | Selected Answer:|    Most Industrialized Nations| Correct Answer:|    Most Industrialized Nations| | | | | * Question 10 0 out of 2 points | | | In Kuwait, Qatar, and the United Arab Emirates what is the unique status for which young boys are enslaved? Answer| | | | | Selected Answer:|    To perform work in small places such as attics and wells. Correct Answer:|    To serve as jockeys in camel races. | | | | | * Question 11 2 out of 2 points | | | Which statement best summarizes what Karl Marx predicted regarding the differences in social classes within a society? Answer| | | | | Selected Answer:|    Workers will revolt when they overcome the class consciousness that blinds them. | Correct Answer:|    Workers will revolt when they overcome the class consciousness that blinds them. | | | | | * Question 12 2 out of 2 points | | | In the three-world model, what quality distinguishes a First World nation? Answer| | | | | Selected Answer:|    a capitalist economy| Correct Answer:|    a capitalist economy| | | | | * Question 13 2 out of 2 points | | | What is the major means by which neocolonialists maintain their superiority and control over other nations of the world? Answer| | | | | Selected Answer:|    They manipulate trade and the debt owed by the weaker nations. | Correct Answer:|    They manipulate trade and the debt owed by the weaker nations. | | | | | * Question 14 2 out of 2 points | | | In democracies, what are the two methods used by the ruling elite to control information? Answer| | | | | Selected Answer:|    technology and the selective release of information| Correct Answer:|    technology and the selective release of information| | | | | * Question 15 2 out of 2 points | | | Traditionally, what were the three factors on which slavery was based? Answer| | | | | Selected Answer:|    war, debt, crime| Correct Answer:|    war, debt, crime| | | | | * Question 16 2 out of 2 points | | | Who was the sociologist who argued that stratification applies only to societies that have at least minimal resources and can accumulate surpluses? Answer| | | | | Selected Answer:|    Gerhard Lenski| Correct Answer:|    Gerhard Lenski| | | | | * Question 17 2 out of 2 points | | | What is the lowest caste in Indias caste system? Answer| | | | | Selected Answer:|    the Dalit| Correct Answer:|    the Dalit| | | | | * Question 18 2 out of 2 points | | | In the former Soviet Union what was the major basis of stratification? Answer| | | | | Selected Answer:|    political position within the Communist Party| Correct Answer:|    political position within the Communist Party| | | | * Question 19 2 out of 2 points | | | In the New World, what group did the colonists first attempt to enslave, even though this effort failed? Answer| | | | | Selected Answer:|    Native Americans| Correct Answer:|    Native Americans| | | | | * Question 20 2 out of 2 points | | | What are the three most important variables in determining ones place in the social stratification syste m? Answer| | | | | Selected Answer:|    property, power, prestige| Correct Answer:|    property, power, prestige| | | | |
Thursday, November 21, 2019
Procurement and Supply Function in the Organisation Assignment - 4
Procurement and Supply Function in the Organisation - Assignment Example To improve the profile of the function in organisations, various strategies can be employed. These include partnering with other organisations, fostering achievement of an optimal operating model, prioritisation of supply chain risks, moving beyond cost savings and incorporating systems and technology. As regards, partnerships, it is important that the organisation engage early with the stakeholders. Early engagement with the stakeholders should be done in the planning stage to avoid to be effective. There is also a need for the organisation to establish policies and procedures to enhance efficiency and effectiveness in the implementation of procurement and supply (Government Procurement Development Group, 2010, p.1). The policies help in ensuring that the procurement procedures are accountable, editable, ethical, legal, economically effective and social and environmentally responsible. Procurement describes the process of purchasing goods and services. In practice, it involves the preparation and the processing of a demand of a commodity until the end receipts and approval of the payment for the goods and services. There is a variety of activities involved in the process. These include purchase planning, determination of standards, analysis of value, development of specifications, negotiation of prices, control of the stores and inventory, financing, administration of the supply contract and disposals (Government Procurement Development Group, 2010, p.1). Procurement and supply function in an organisation determines if the operations of the company will continue and as such it should be done in a way that creates savings or efficiencies and other sources of added value. Capital reduction is an opportunity of creating savings and increasing efficiency in procurement.
Wednesday, November 20, 2019
Value of entrepreneurship to emerging economies Assignment
Value of entrepreneurship to emerging economies - Assignment Example A very unique feature and characteristic of the global market, a perfect reflection of which could be paralleled to the structure of any country is that it is made up people from different socio-economic backgrounds, each of which plays a contributory role towards the collective success of the market. As far as emerging markets are concerned, they can be compared to those players on the market who trade in not so huge forms of business, but yet, having the little contributions they bring on the market, significant enough to be counted as part of collective growth and development (Sandee, Isdijoso and Sulandjari, 2002). But for the roles and contributions of these emerging markets to be felt in a perfect sense, there are some key inputs that must be present. One of these is the contributory roles that entrepreneurship plays in the emerging markets (Acs and Szerb, 2007). Generally, an emerging market may be described as a country that has social and economic activity climate that is se t on the lines of rapid growth and development (Liedholm, 2002). Because entrepreneurs have a common goal of investing in markets, their contributions to these markets have been studied in several works of literature. In this paper, five major points that make a case for the value of entrepreneurship in Brazil as an emerging market are discussed. Increased Competitive Pressure In Brazil, the political environment allows that there can be as many entrepreneurship openings as possible. With such policy, the private sector, most of which have been controlled by entrepreneurship have had so much grounds to operate. Currently, there are several entrepreneurial based companies and businesses operating in the country. Generally, the size and economic worth of these entrepreneurial businesses are not seen to be as huge as those that are presented by multinational and international companies (Valliere and Peterson, 2009). However, because the entrepreneurial businesses have their own market and client base, it has always been important for them to engage in increased competitive marketing to ensure their survival. Economically, as these increased competitive pressures take place, entrepreneurs are forced to be rigorous on the emerging market, injecting capital into their businesses. On a larger scale, the fact that these enterprises are competitive enough and have higher asset base, revenues, capital, and manpower base, they contribute to the collective expansion and growth of the emerging markets in which they find themselves (Sandee, Isdijoso and Sulandjari, 2002). In Brazil, there are multinational companies that started merely as enterprises but due to the competition that they received from other enterprises and the need for them to be proactive in their growth; they have today become key stakeholders in that emerging market. Exploitation of Innovation Valliere and Peterson (2009) note that most entrepreneurial based companies and businesses in emerging markets ar e forced to engage in the exploitation of innovation because that is the only way by which they can be competitive against traditional multinational companies. Through the exploitation of innovation, these enterprises have critically gone into research and development to understudy marketing trends and principles that works best with the local markets in which they operate (Williams, 2009). Part of the exploitation of innovation has also included the need to use highly skilled and talented human resource within the corridors of the markets in which they find themselves to growth their business. Invariably, entrepreneurship has been valuable in ensuring that the emerging markets as a collective entity, rather than their enterprises alone are borne on the wings of innovative business. As it will be noted a major characteristic of developed markets is the abundance of innovation (Valliere and Pet
Monday, November 18, 2019
Philips Maps Out a New Direction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words
Philips Maps Out a New Direction - Essay Example In the past, Phillips Inc. had diversified interests which were looked after by numerous divisions. The lack of inter-divisional communication did inculcate teamwork and therefore, information and experiences were not shared to thrash out the low performance of the organization. The company also lacked effective organizational leadership which could provide the workforce with focused approach and well defined visions and mission so that organizational goals could be achieved with more enthusiasm. The new EO was able to address these problems. Using a focused approach, Kleisterlee, reorganized the company into three major divisions which had defined goals and objectives: healthcare; lighting; and consumer lifestyle products. The company initiated well planned divestiture program and at the same time, aggressive merger and acquisition facilitated value addition to the products and services of the company. Kleisterlee also realized the vital importance of effective marketing strategies and therefore introduced mixed market strategy, based on innovation, brand creation and flexible approach with more dynamic strategic goals to meet the emerging new challenges. The major weakness of the new strategy was the problems with the brand creation because its brand creation strategy was not uniform across the globe and its products and services were marketed under different brand name in other countries like America. While the three new divisions had individual goals and objectives, there was distinct lack of communication amongst them that could jeopardize the long term vision of Phillips Inc. The major strength of the new strategy was that it was focused around the vital factors that significantly impacted its performances vis-Ã -vis global competition. It realized that innovation is key issue in technology arena and promoted the decision on business relationship vis-Ã -vis business partnership through collaboration, acquisition and mergers
Friday, November 15, 2019
Criminology Essays Public Corruption Police
Criminology Essays Public Corruption Police Public Corruption Police Public Corruption for Profit Police In America In Chapter 6, â€Å"Public Corruption for Profit†, Delattre (2006) addresses some very important aspects of law enforcement and the policing environment that not only make police more vulnerable to corruption but also to public scrutiny. The author begins the chapter with a description of incorruptibility, suggesting that it is an inherent attribute of the individual with good character who would never think of compromising his or her integrity for profit or for personal gain (p. 63). Delattre (2006) points to the clear connection between incorruptibility and the purposeful goal of acting in accordance with standards of excellence (p. 63-64). The public at large expects police officers to possess this attribute of incorruptibility as well as to manifest an observance of the highest standards of excellence, with anything less considered suspect and capable of putting their safety and their safety of their loved ones at risk. Delattre (2006) submits that police officers are unfairly held to not only a fair and higher standard but also to a double standard that often puts them in the difficult position of negative public scrutiny. The author submits that some police officers use this claim as consolation for the greater public scrutiny they receive compared other officials however he also suggest that the double standard can be reconciled as a necessary evil that should not negatively impact police behavior. For Delattre (2006), police officers must be educated on the difference between the imperative of living up to a higher standard than others and illegitimacy of unfair double standards, with an emphasis on the higher standard. Police officers operate in much closer proximity to the members of the communities that they serve than officials like politicians and lawmakers (p. 67). Delattre (2006) submits that this difference is sufficient reason for not only why the public will expect different behavior from police officers by will also respond to the behavior of police officers differently (p. 67). Although the author concedes that police corruption exists at disturbing levels, there are issues that police officers must face on a regular basis that can challenge the character of even the most noble and trustworthy of their ranks. The author suggests, for example, that police officers are vulnerable to the causes of corruption in the same way that many individuals in positions of authority and control are and offers three hypotheses on those causes. To support this contention, Delattre (2006) submits the society-at-large hypothesis, which has often been used to account for police corruption (p. 69). According to this hypothesis, the practice by public servants of receiving gifts or gratuities from all manner of individuals in society leads to larger gratuities or bribes that ultimately work to influence the receiver in the direction of serving the interests of the gift-giver(s). This hypothesis points to the public response to police officers who are regularly disparaged for their real or perceived habit of accepting gratuities from individuals and entities throughout the communities that they serve. Delattre (2006) underscores the influence of this hypothesis by reminding that the free cup of coffee is the symbol of the gratuity for police officers (p. 72). The author submits that the cause of corruption can also be attributed to the structural or affiliation hypothesis, which is somewhat similar to the society-at-large hypothesis, where the propensity for succumbing to corrupt behavior created or intensified by the influence of corrupt peers. In the case of the police officer, that influence will often be manifested on the rookie officer by older or senior officers who are already participating in corrupt activities (Delattre, 2006, p. 72-73). The rotten-apple hypothesis goes even further to identify what Delattre (2006) calls the roots of corruption, where ineffective police recruitment procedures allow one or more unscrupulous hires to enter the department and, in turn, influence others to participate in corrupt behaviors. Although police officers are vulnerable to negative influence, Delattre (2006) also points to the role of departmental supervision in supporting the integrity of the police force and its officers. Delattre (2006) examines three important hypotheses that can be used to explain corruption in general and among police officers specifically the society-at-large hypothesis, the structural or affiliation hypothesis and the rotten apple hypothesis. The society-at-large hypothesis points to the influential role that the public plays on the ethical behavior of police officers, especially when it comes to influencing police officers to serve the interests of specific groups or individuals. This has been identified in the research showing that the dominant culture in a community will often use gratuities to influence police officers to address their interests with regard to minorities in the community, which often translates to the serious ethical dilemma of racial profiling (Clayton, 2003, p. 1). The structural or affiliation hypothesis submitted by Delattre (2006) is supported by the fact that the propensity for growth in the number of corrupt individuals in a group, including a police department, will increase proportionate to the benefits that can be generated by corrupt behavior over law-abiding behavior (Ivkovic, 2005, p. 66). The research suggests that the rotten apple hypothesis is often used to draw attention away from the police department and the insufficiencies that contribute to police corruption. According to Callanan (2005), when the rotten apple hypothesis is used to frame police corruption in a particular institution, it works to avert any criticism of that institution, especially any question of its legitimacy (p. 64). At the same time, there is a significant body of literature arguing that it is just an inherent truth that some police officers are more likely than others to think and act in a corrupt way and that some of their peers will be influenced to corruption by their association (Ivkovic, 2005, p. 64). Delattre (2006) does not neglect to identify the role of departmental supervision in mitigating the propensity or vulnerability of police officers to corrupt behavior. Where the structural or affiliation hypothesis can be interpreted to involve the influence of the corrupt structure or affiliation, it can also be interpreted to involve the supportive departmental structure. The research supports the role of departmental supervision, demonstrating that it is instrumental to increasing police accountability and effective management within the police organization (Archbold, 2004, p. 2). The research shows that the character of the police officer is one of the most significant components of his or her ability to serve and protect with honesty and integrity. In the past, an evaluation of a potential recruit’s character included neighborhood checks, where as many as ten members of the community were questioned about his or her habits and temperament as well as through the distribution of questionnaires to past employers, schools, employers, military or draft and other official agencies (Bouza, 1972, p. 120). The purpose of this comprehensive investigation was to establish that the recruit met the standard of good character necessary for appointment to the police department (Bouza, 1972, p. 120). Delattre (2006) establishes that the appointment of individuals of good character to positions of law enforcement is just as imperative today. In fact, it is fair to suggest that the incidence of police corruption and the increasing dependence on law enforcement as part of national security makes the good character and the embrace of high standards of excellence even more vital. What is especially interesting about Delattre’s (2006) look at public corruption for profit in Chapter 6 is that it is easier to imagine that public officials are more likely to be corrupt than law enforcement officers and more corrupt than police officers specifically. Nevertheless, Delattre’s (2006) intent is to show that police officers are embodied, as much as public officials, within the â€Å"public†that is associated with public corruption. There is little to debate when it comes to the fact that corruption among police officers exists and in substantial numbers however this reality can be obscured by fact that the public expects integrity and trustworthiness as character traits in police officers. In terms of the double standard that Delattre (2006) addressed in this chapter, the preponderance of the research suggests that the phrase is more applicable to the practice of unscrupulous police officers perpetuating a double-standard that entails enforcing laws while breaking them than it is to a double standard that holds polices officers to a higher standard than other public servants (Waddington, 1998, p. 164). It is interesting to note that the research points to the fact that police officers are often found to be in collusion with public officials, which works to blur the distinctions supporting the claim of a double standard even further (Weiss, 2004, p. 227). One of the most compelling aspects of Chapter 6 is Delattre’s (2006) examination of gratuities and their impact on the real and perceived integrity of police officers. Among the reasons that this issue is so compelling is that it spans a variety of aspects in the policing environment, especially those that are most vulnerable to corruption. At the same time, it is one of the topics addressed by Delattre (2006) that has generated the most substantial body of research. The research suggests that some people will inevitably associate gratuities given to police officers with the goal supporting good police-community relations, especially when gratuities are the unequivocal expression of people’s gratitude for police services that are appropriately carried out according to law enforcement protocol (Kania, 2004, p. 54). According to once source that studied the opinions of police officers, gratuities are actually viewed as an entitlement of sorts, where gratuities offered voluntarily or without obligation are given in response to some service that was provided by the police officer (White, 2002, p. 20). More frequently however, the public is likely to look at gratuities as the purposeful attempt to influence police behavior, which is compounded by the fact that the public also expects the evidence of high standards of excellence in police officers. A paradox exists therefore by the fact that, as much as the public expects good character and incorruptibility among police officers, it is the public that is a substantial source of the gratuities directed at police officers. Coleman (2004) argues that this irony, translated as a conflict of interest, is nevertheless difficult to address by police officers (p. 33). Coleman (2004) points to the â€Å"slippery slope†to corruption identified by Delattre (2006), however he is even more emphatic that gratuities, whether a cup of coffee or a monetary bribe, are all corrupt and differ only by the degree of the corruption that is involved or might come out of that gratuity (Coleman, 2004, p. 34). Although it could be argued that there is a huge difference between the acceptance of a cup of coffee and â€Å"a six-figure bribe†, Coleman (2004) argues the opposite, even if that six-figure bribe is used to influence the police officer to look the other way during a robbery, an assault or even a murder (p. 34). Based on arguments like this, the researcher maintains that it is imperative that police officers say â€Å"No†to gratuities. There research however supports the notion that it is acceptable for police officers to accept gratuities. In fact, one source argues that gratuities are essential to supporting the relatively paltry wage paid to many police officers (Ruiz Bono, 2004, p. 50). One of the primary arguments is that gratuities work as building blocks of positive social relationships between police and members of the community (Coleman, 2004, p. 38). Unfortunately, these building blocks are inherently larger and more prolific in areas of the community where gratuities are more easily made, such as more affluent and predominantly white areas. Add to this the fact that a generous gratuity comes with the expectation of â€Å"a better than average service†from the officer in the future, and the prospects for corruption are increased exponentially (p. 38). Delattre (2006) does a sufficient job of demonstrating that police officers face significant challenges when it comes to avoiding the temptations that they will face both within and outside of the police department. The majority of the evidence suggests that police corruption for profit, as an unequivocal example of public corruption for profit, is more of a collective activity than it is an individual one. This assertion is supported by at least two of the causal hypotheses examined by Delattre (2006) and in the research. Gratuities, the most prolific temptation that police officers face in the line of duty, however underscores the fact that it comes down to the character and embrace of a high standard of excellence that make the difference between a police officer who is and will remain incorruptible and the police officer who will ultimately succumb to corruption. References Bouza, A. (1972). The policeman’s character investigation: Lowered standards or changing times? Journal of Criminal Law, Criminology Police Science, 63(1), 120-124. Callana, V. (2005). Feeding the fear of crime. New York: LFB Scholarly Publishing LLC. Clayton, B. (2003). The costs of community: Community policing, racial profiling, and civil society. Conference Papers-American Sociological Association; The 2003 Annual Meeting in Atlanta, GA, 1-21. Coleman, S. (2004). When police should say â€Å"No†to gratuities. Criminal Justice Ethics, 23(1), 33-44. Delattre, E. (2006). Character and cops: Ethics in policing. Washington: AEI Press. Ivkovic, S. (2005). Fallen blue knights: Controlling police corruption. New York: Oxford University Press. Kania, R. R. (2004). The ethical acceptability of gratuities: Still saying yes after all these years. Criminal Justice Ethics, 23(1), 54-60. Ruiz, J. Bono, C. (2004). At what price a freebie? The real cost of police gratuities. Criminal Justice Ethics, 23(1), 44-54. Waddington, P. A. (1998). Policing citizens: Authority and rights. New York: Routledge. Weiss, M. (2004). Public defenders: Pragmatic and political motivations to represent the indigent. New York: LFB Scholarly Publishing LLC. White, M. (2002). The problem with gratuities. FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, 71(7), 20-23.
Wednesday, November 13, 2019
The Tension between Beauty and Virtue in Shakespeares Sonnet 95 Essay
The Tension between Beauty and Virtue in Shakespeare's Sonnet 95 Â Â Â "Sonnet 95" of Shakespeare's "blond young man" sonnets depicts a tension-filled variation on the classic blazon. The poet seems torn between the "shame" (1) that taints his subject and the "sweets" (4) of the subject 's beauty. The initial imagery of a "canker" (2) within a "rose" (2) serves to set up the sexual overtones that dominate the poem, as well as to create the sense of strain between disapproval and attraction that heightens throughout each quatrain. Shakespeare develops this imagery to ensnare the subject in an increasingly agitated opposition between his physical beauty and his behavioral repulsiveness. Though the poet claims that he "cannot dispraise but in a kind of praise" (7), the closing couplet goes counter this, bringing the sense of antagonism between the poet 's admiration and his disapproval full circle. The couplet serves as a warning that the physical beauty and virility that have dominated the young man 's life will end, destroying the " mansion" (9) where he hid his moral failing through the quatrains. Â The opening quatrain of Sonnet 95 serves to expose the contrast between the young man 's physical and moral states. This quatrain, despite permitting the young man 's "beauty" (3) to dominate the sense of his "sins" (4), also begins to assert the idea that he will suffer for his vice. The opening image of "How sweet and lovely" (1) dominates the completion of the thought "dost thou make the shame" (1) through both rhythm and diction. While Shakespeare sets the opening in perfect iambic rhythm, the insertion of a pyrrhic foot to begin the statement of the young man 's "shame" (1) weakens the idea, allo... ...s to force the idea that there is a danger in the previously stated opposition. However, the phallic imagery of the "large privilege" (11) of which the young man should be aware helps to complete the poem 's consideration of physical beauty in place of virtue by drawing the poem back to the sexual overtones set up in the beginning. The warning that "the hardest knife ill-used doth lose his edge" (12) forces the idea that age leads to physical impotence, thereby leaving physical beauty the transient domain of the young, and virtue the permanent domain of all. Â Work Cited The Norton Anthology of English Literature. Eds. M. H. Abrams and Stephen Greenblatt. 7th ed. 2 vols. New York: Norton, 2000. 1:1041-42. Works Consulted "canker, n." Oxford English Dictionary. Ed. J. A. Simpson and E. S. C. Weiner. 2nd ed. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989. The Tension between Beauty and Virtue in Shakespeare's Sonnet 95 Essay The Tension between Beauty and Virtue in Shakespeare's Sonnet 95 Â Â Â "Sonnet 95" of Shakespeare's "blond young man" sonnets depicts a tension-filled variation on the classic blazon. The poet seems torn between the "shame" (1) that taints his subject and the "sweets" (4) of the subject 's beauty. The initial imagery of a "canker" (2) within a "rose" (2) serves to set up the sexual overtones that dominate the poem, as well as to create the sense of strain between disapproval and attraction that heightens throughout each quatrain. Shakespeare develops this imagery to ensnare the subject in an increasingly agitated opposition between his physical beauty and his behavioral repulsiveness. Though the poet claims that he "cannot dispraise but in a kind of praise" (7), the closing couplet goes counter this, bringing the sense of antagonism between the poet 's admiration and his disapproval full circle. The couplet serves as a warning that the physical beauty and virility that have dominated the young man 's life will end, destroying the " mansion" (9) where he hid his moral failing through the quatrains. Â The opening quatrain of Sonnet 95 serves to expose the contrast between the young man 's physical and moral states. This quatrain, despite permitting the young man 's "beauty" (3) to dominate the sense of his "sins" (4), also begins to assert the idea that he will suffer for his vice. The opening image of "How sweet and lovely" (1) dominates the completion of the thought "dost thou make the shame" (1) through both rhythm and diction. While Shakespeare sets the opening in perfect iambic rhythm, the insertion of a pyrrhic foot to begin the statement of the young man 's "shame" (1) weakens the idea, allo... ...s to force the idea that there is a danger in the previously stated opposition. However, the phallic imagery of the "large privilege" (11) of which the young man should be aware helps to complete the poem 's consideration of physical beauty in place of virtue by drawing the poem back to the sexual overtones set up in the beginning. The warning that "the hardest knife ill-used doth lose his edge" (12) forces the idea that age leads to physical impotence, thereby leaving physical beauty the transient domain of the young, and virtue the permanent domain of all. Â Work Cited The Norton Anthology of English Literature. Eds. M. H. Abrams and Stephen Greenblatt. 7th ed. 2 vols. New York: Norton, 2000. 1:1041-42. Works Consulted "canker, n." Oxford English Dictionary. Ed. J. A. Simpson and E. S. C. Weiner. 2nd ed. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989.
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